Chippewa Nationa Forest Ruffed Grouse Hunt

 

After a week sidelined by household responsibilities and unseasonably warm temperatures, I finally made it back to the field. I brought Tasha, my thirteen-year-old veteran, taking advantage of the cooler conditions that suited her better.

The morning started fast—two wild flushes in the first five minutes, and the action kept building from there. Tasha locked up on several nice points, and I managed to connect on a couple while missing only a few early opportunities. Around the halfway point of our loop, she went on point about ten yards off the trail. As I closed in, birds erupted everywhere—most out of range or obscured by trees. We moved six or seven from that single spot but came away empty-handed.

At the three-quarter mark, Tasha veered off onto an overgrown path that once led to a deer stand. Her hearing isn't what it used to be, so when she reached 125 yards out, I went after her. By the time I caught up, she'd already locked on point. I took the first bird, but two more flushed at the shot and I missed both. As we headed back to the truck, she was still moving strong, but it felt like the right time to end her hunt on a high note.

Peach got the next rotation. This spot had been my go-to for years, though the aging cover meant it hadn't been as productive lately. Still, I thought it would be a good test for her. She started well with a grouse point followed by a woodcock, though neither bird offered a shooting opportunity. After that, things went quiet—no more birds moved, and she didn't show much interest. Around the forty-minute mark, her breathing became labored and heavy. We sat down to rest, then I leashed her and walked her slowly back to the truck. After some water and recovery time, she seemed improved. By evening, she was back to her normal self.

If everything goes according to plan, Sweep will get his turn tomorrow.



5 Tips to Find MORE GROUSE! How to Grouse Hunt | Video

 

5 Tips to Find More Grouse! How to Grouse Hunt (plus bonus grouse hunting tips!) Do you like hunting, fishing and camping? SUBSCRIBE HERE: https://www.youtube.com/c/CascadeBack... How to find and hunt ruffed grouse! In this episode I go in depth on 5 tips how to find more ruffed grouse plus 3 bonus grouse hunting tips. A how to grouse hunt tutorial.


 

Opening Day – Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Michigan Video

 

Presented by Chief Upland and Tetra Hearing, Pheasants Forever and Quail Forever are proud to share the second installment of our annual Opening Day film series. This year’s story features Bob St.Pierre, the series host and organization’s chief marketing & communications officer, return home to his roots in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. He’s joined for the state’s ruffed grouse and woodcock opener by his parents, brother, wife, and collection of bird dogs. This film is about going home to celebrate a family rooted in bird hunting, bird dogs, wildlife habitat conservation, wild places, and wild birds. This is Opening Day!


 

How To Find Ruffed Grouse & Woodcock onX Masterclass Video eScouting

Follow along with onX's own, Ben Brettingen, as he explains the tools and methods he uses within the hunt app to find spots to hunt Ruffed Grouse and Woodcock. Learn what habitat types to look for, what layers are most useful to have on, how to plan your routes, how to mark potential spots and organize them so no time is wasted, and much more!


 

 


Top Public-Land Locations for Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Vermont

Here’s a visual snapshot of Vermont’s ruffed grouse distribution and habitat trends—perfect for orienting yourself with where these birds thrive across the state.

---

## Top Public-Land Locations for Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Vermont

### 1. Northeast Kingdom (Lamoille, Essex, Caledonia Counties)

* **Why it stands out**: Widely regarded as Vermont’s prime grouse hunting destination, the Northeast Kingdom is rich in early-successional forests—ideal habitat consisting of young aspens, birch stands, and regenerating woodland. These provide nesting cover, food sources, and protective habitat used by ruffed grouse.([vtfishandwildlife.com][1], [ourherald.com][2])


* **Key public lands to explore**:

  * **Green Mountain National Forest**: This expansive national forest supports ruffed grouse among its wildlife species and is actively creating and maintaining early-successional habitat—such as a 15,000-acre timber harvest initiative started in 2020 to regenerate young forest age classes.([Wikipedia][3], [Game & Fish Magazine][4])


  * **Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge**


  * **Silvio O. Conte National Fish & Wildlife Refuge**
    These federally managed lands offer extensive access and excellent upland game opportunities.([vtfishandwildlife.com][5])

### 2. State Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)

* **Why they’re effective**: WMAs across the state are specifically managed for upland game, including ruffed grouse. They often include regenerating forest stands, old farm fields, and overgrown orchards—classic grouse habitat.([vtfishandwildlife.com][1], [ourherald.com][2])


* **Recommended region**: Again, the Northeast Kingdom is especially noted for its WMAs being among the best grouse hunting zones in New England.([vtfishandwildlife.com][1])

### 3. State Forests and Parks with Hunting Access

These public lands offer not only scenic beauty but also prime grouse habitat—particularly where mixed forests and brushy clearings are present.

* **Aitken State Forest (Mendon, Rutland County)**

  * Spanning \~918 acres and offering hunting among its many recreational uses. Its varied terrain provides good cover and potential grouse holdings.([Wikipedia][6])

* **Jim Jeffords State Forest (Mendon & Shrewsbury, Rutland County)**

  * At \~1,349 acres, it's managed for wildlife habitat, making it a solid choice for grouse hunting.([Wikipedia][7])

* **Willoughby State Forest (Caledonia & Orleans Counties)**

  * A vast \~7,682-acre area with mixed forest types, hiking trails, and open hunting seasons.([Wikipedia][8])

* **Hazen’s Notch State Park (Westfield, Orleans County)**

  * Though primarily known for its natural and undeveloped feel, this state park allows hunting and contains brushy, mixed forest terrain.([Wikipedia][9])

* **Sentinel Rock State Park (Westmore, Orleans County)**

  * A more modest 356-acre park that still permits hunting and features sustainable forest practices.([Wikipedia][10])

---

## Habitat Insights & Hunting Tips

### Ideal Grouse Habitat Characteristics

According to Vermont Fish & Wildlife, productive ruffed grouse habitat includes:

* **Early-succession trees**: Aspen and paper birch stands aged 0–10 years, alongside patches of 10–25-year-old and mature (>25-year-old) forest within a single home range.([vtfishandwildlife.com][11])


* **Cover and food proximity**: Grouse need seasonal forage close to thick brush, with softwood and conifer patches serving as crucial winter thermal cover.([vtfishandwildlife.com][11])


* **Landscape features**: Overgrown apple orchards, old fields reverting to forest, regenerating clearcuts, and edges near swamps or streams are hotspots for grouse.([vtfishandwildlife.com][1], [vtfishandwildlife.com][11], [eRegulations][12])


* **Management recommendations**: Maintaining drumming sites (e.g., large logs or rock walls), preserving fruit trees, and rotating small stands (5-acre units every 10–15 years) to generate regeneration.([vtfishandwildlife.com][11])

### Regulation Essentials

* **Season**: Ruffed grouse season runs from **late September (around the last Saturday) through December 31**.([vtfishandwildlife.com][1], [eRegulations][12])


* **Limits**: Hunters may take **4 grouse per day** with an **8-bird possession limit**.([vtfishandwildlife.com][13], [eRegulations][12])


* **Caution**: Be vigilant—**spruce grouse**, which are endangered and found in isolated pockets (e.g., Conte NWR area), may be mistaken for ruffed grouse. Harvesting one carries a hefty fine.([vtfishandwildlife.com][14], [eRegulations][12])

---

## Quick Reference: Top Public Lands for Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Vermont

| Region / Area                      | Highlights                                         |
| ---------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- |
| **Northeast Kingdom**              | Best overall habitat; numerous WMAs                |
| **Green Mountain National Forest** | Large-scale early-successional management          |
| **Missisquoi & Conte Refuges**     | Federally managed upland bird habitat              |
| **Aitken State Forest**            | Good mix of terrain and hunting access             |
| **Jim Jeffords State Forest**      | Wildlife-focused management; substantial acreage   |
| **Willoughby State Forest**        | Large, diverse forests with varied habitat         |
| **Hazen’s Notch State Park**       | Thinly developed, mixed forest terrain with access |
| **Sentinel Rock State Park**       | Small, sustainable management area with access     |

---

## Conclusion

If you're aiming for one of Vermont’s best grouse hunting thrills, head to the Northeast Kingdom—its WMAs, national forests, and refuges are unmatched for habitat quality and bird density. State forests and parks such as Green Mountain, Willoughby, Aitken, Jim Jeffords, Hazen’s Notch, and Sentinel Rock also deliver promising hunting with a side of scenic beauty.

Plan your trip to target regenerating forests, apple patches, and brushy edges, and don’t forget to stay current on seasons, limits, and habitat regulations. Want more details or map recommendations for any area? Happy to help you get your hunt dialed in!




 

Back in the Northwoods! Early Season Ruffed Grouse Hunting Video

 

Ruffed Grouse & Woodcock hunting this time of year brings challenges of warm weather and thick cover that can make getting shots on birds a humbling experience. Join us for a few days of hunting as we chase the king in early October. Before this trip I picked up a new shotgun to hunt with this fall, a Weatherby Orion Side by Side. At the end of the video I talk more about the new scatter gun, the chokes I'm using and the ammo I'm shooting this time of year!

Top Public-Land Locations for Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Pennsylvania


Top Public-Land Locations for Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania is classic grouse country. From the big woods of the Allegheny Plateau to the hemlock hollows of the central ridge-and-valley, the Keystone State still offers miles of public ground where a bell and a bead can find action. Success hinges on two things: focusing on young forest (early successional cover) and covering ground efficiently. Start with the regions below, then use maps and timber-history layers to zero in on the best cuts.

---

How to Pick Productive Cover (Fast)

* **Target 5–20-year-old cuts.** Grouse key on dense stem counts: regen aspen, black cherry, birch, alder tangles, pole-stage oak, and mixed brush with dogwood and viburnum.
* **Moist edges win.** Look for sapling cover near seeps, headwater swales, alder-lined drainages, and the transition from conifers to hardwood regen.
* **Food sign.** Bud-heavy aspen, wintergreen, grape tangles, hawthorn and apple remnants, and soft mast (black gum, cherry) concentrate birds.
* **Micro-structure.** Blowdowns, slash piles, and stump-sprout pockets break up the canopy and hold birds tight for dogs or blockers.

---

The Best Public-Land Regions & Forests

1) Allegheny National Forest (Northwest)

**Why it’s good:** Pennsylvania’s only national forest is a grouse workhorse with a long history of timber harvest. Black cherry and mixed hardwood regen create sprawling “grouse blocks” across plateaus and benches.
**Where to start:**

* Plateau tops above major drainages (e.g., Tionesta, Clarion, Kinzua country) with 8–15-year-old stands.
* Pipeline and powerline ROWs that clip young timber—great edge effect.
  **Tactics:** Work into the wind across cut edges; expect wild flushes—keep your gun at port arms. Snow days can be terrific here as birds hold tighter.

2) Susquehannock State Forest (Northern Tier)

**Why:** Vast acreage in Potter and surrounding counties, lots of age-class diversity and alder-choked creek bottoms.
**Where:** Focus on compartments with recent harvests; check for gated forest roads that skirt regen blocks.
**Tip:** Birds often sit just off the two-track. Cast dogs 30–60 yards into the thick edge; don’t blow past the first 100 yards.

3) Sproul State Forest (Pennsylvania Wilds)

**Why:** Rugged, remote, and big. Oak–mixed hardwoods intersect with laurel, and pockets of young forest sit on benches and along old gas pads.
**Where:** Benches halfway down steep slopes and the heads of hollows with cuts on top.
**Safety:** Steep terrain, loose leaves—good boots and trekking poles are worth it.

4) Tioga State Forest (Northern Tier)

**Why:** Aspen and birch regen around gas infrastructure and timber compartments, plus classic alder runs.
**Where:** Look for beaver meadows and seeps that edge into cuts.
**Bonus:** Late-season birds key to thermal cover—work conifer edges after a cold snap.

5) Loyalsock State Forest (North-Central)

**Why:** Heavily forested with an active management footprint. Narrow drainages, shale benches, and cherry regen string together great loops.
**Where:** Young cuts above cold-water streams; the first 50–100 yards off a trail can be prime.

6) Elk & Moshannon State Forests (Central Plateau)

**Why:** Intermixed oak, cherry, and conifer with a patchwork of early-successional stands.
**Where:** Recent timber sales near reclaimed well pads and along old logging grades.
**Tip:** Midday walks shine when sun hits south-facing benches; birds feed and loaf in patchy regen.

7) Bald Eagle & Rothrock State Forests (Central Ridge-and-Valley)

**Why:** Not as uniformly “birdy” as the northern tier, but pockets can be excellent, especially where oak regen, mountain laurel, and small conifer stands meet.
**Where:** Heads of hollows, edges of prescribed-burn units with regen coming back, and the first third of slopes.
**Strategy:** Swing wide “C” loops that cut across multiple habitat seams rather than marching straight up and down a ridge.
 

8) Forbes State Forest & the Laurel Highlands (Southwest)

**Why:** Higher elevation and cool, moist pockets with rhododendron and hemlock edges. Birds can be scattered but consistent where young forest is present.
**Where:** Concentrate on small recent cuts adjacent to older forest and along creek systems.
**Late Season:** Work conifers on north slopes during cold snaps; birds will tuck in for thermal cover.

9) Delaware State Forest & Poconos (Northeast)

**Why:** Large public blocks with wetlands, scrub oak, and scattered early-successional patches.
**Where:** Alder swales, old blueberry barrens, and any young aspen you can find along sand roads.
**Note:** Pressure is heavier here; hit weekdays or push deeper than the first mile of two-track.

---

Don’t Sleep on State Game Lands

The Pennsylvania Game Commission manages hundreds of **State Game Lands (SGLs)**, many with ongoing timber cuts that create exactly the dense, stemmy structure grouse crave. Instead of chasing specific SGL numbers, build a short list around the forests above, then:

1. Pull up the PGC’s interactive map or a hunt app with timber layers.
2. Filter for recent harvests and gated access roads.
3. Cross-check with aerials to confirm canopy gaps and regen density.
4. Plan 2–4 mile loops that link multiple young stands; move on quickly if you don’t contact birds.

---

Scouting Workflow (30 Minutes on the Couch)

1. **Find young forest:** Use satellite + timber sale shapefiles/notes to locate 5–20-year-old cuts.
2. **Add moisture:** Overlay streams, seeps, and wetlands. Keep cuts within 150–300 yards of water at the top of the list.
3. **Edge stack:** Prioritize where a cut meets conifer or mountain laurel, or where a ROW slices a regen stand.
4. **Access reality check:** Look for gated or dead-end roads—less pressure, better holds.
5. **Build loops:** String 2–3 prime patches into one hunt to keep your dog in the “good stuff” for 90+ minutes.

---

Field Tactics That Consistently Move Birds

* **Hunt briskly.** Grouse are a contact game. If cover looks right but dead quiet after 15–20 minutes, bump to the next pocket.
* **Use the wind.** Quarter dogs across the wind so they cut scent cones; if solo without a dog, still work crosswinds to catch birds switching edges.
* **Expect the escape route.** Birds often flush toward thicker cover, downhill toward water, or into conifers—angle your approach to create shooting windows.
* **Mind the first 50 yards.** Many flushes happen just inside the edge of a cut. Mount the gun early.
* **Midday sweet spot.** Sun on south and west aspects often gets birds moving; late afternoon in shadowed, damp edges is another window.

---

Dogs, Safety, and Etiquette

* **Dogs:** Bell plus GPS helps in thick regen. Keep first aid for cuts and ice; carry water even on cold days.
* **Blaze orange:** A hat and vest minimum in big-woods rifle country.
* **Share the cover:** Rotate direction if you meet another party; young-forest blocks can handle multiple groups if you split edges.
* **Tread lightly:** Close gates as you found them, stay off fresh log decks, and avoid pushing birds off active winter thermal cover when temps plummet.

---

Quick 3-Day “Pennsylvania Wilds” Plan

**Day 1:** Allegheny National Forest—two morning loops on plateau cuts, an afternoon ROW edge.
**Day 2:** Susquehannock State Forest—alder creek loop at first light, bench cut mid-day, conifer edge last hour.
**Day 3:** Sproul State Forest—bench-to-hollow loop, then hop to a nearby SGL with a 10–15-year-old cut for a final push.

---

Gear That Helps in Thick Cover

* Light 20-gauge or 16-gauge with open chokes (IC/IC or IC/Mod).
* 1 oz loads of 7½s or 8s early; consider 7s late season.
* Brush pants, leather-palmed gloves, and ankle-supporting boots.
* Compact pruning snips (for the occasional snag), headlamp, and a paper map backup.

---

Season & Access Notes

Always check the current **Pennsylvania Game Commission** regulations for season dates, legal shooting hours, and blaze orange requirements, and confirm any special rules on national/state forest tracts. Timber operations change access, and the best grouse cover shifts as cuts age—what’s hot this year may be “just okay” in three.

---

Bottom Line

If you want consistent flushes in Pennsylvania, chase **young forest** and **edges** in the big public complexes of the **Allegheny**, **Susquehannock**, **Sproul**, **Tioga**, **Loyalsock**, **Elk/Moshannon**, and **Bald Eagle/Rothrock** systems—plus the right pockets in the **Laurel Highlands** and **Poconos**. Build loops that stack age class, moisture, and conifer edge, keep your feet moving, and let good cover do the work.

 


 

 

Top Public Land Locations for Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Michigan

 

Michigan is widely regarded as one of the best states for ruffed grouse hunting, thanks to its vast forests, abundant young aspen stands, and extensive public land opportunities. Whether you're a seasoned hunter or a beginner looking to flush these fast-flying birds, Michigan's public lands offer prime habitat. Here are some of the top public land locations for ruffed grouse hunting in the Great Lakes State.


1. Ruffed Grouse Management Areas (RGMAs)

Michigan’s Ruffed Grouse Management Areas (RGMAs) are specifically managed to enhance grouse habitat. These areas focus on maintaining young forests, particularly aspen stands, which provide ideal cover and food for grouse.

Notable RGMAs:

  • Atlanta RGMA (Montmorency County) – One of the best spots in the state, with excellent aspen regeneration.

  • Pigeon River Country (Otsego & Cheboygan Counties) – A mix of dense cover and open areas, great for both grouse and woodcock.

  • Black Lake RGMA (Presque Isle County) – Features well-managed habitat with high grouse densities.


2. State Forests

Michigan’s state forest system provides millions of acres of public hunting land, much of which holds strong grouse populations.

Top State Forests for Grouse:

  • Mackinaw State Forest (Northern Lower Peninsula) – Known for its mix of aspen, oak, and conifer stands.

  • Pere Marquette State Forest (Lake, Osceola, Clare Counties) – Offers excellent early-successional forests.

  • Hiawatha National Forest (Upper Peninsula) – A vast area with prime grouse habitat, especially near clear-cuts and young forests.


3. National Forests

Michigan’s national forests provide some of the most remote and productive grouse hunting in the state.

Best National Forests for Grouse:

  • Huron-Manistee National Forest (Lower Peninsula) – Features extensive aspen stands and logging roads that make for great hunting.

  • Ottawa National Forest (Upper Peninsula) – Remote and less pressured, with strong grouse numbers in regenerating timber areas.


4. State Game Areas (SGAs)

Several State Game Areas are managed for upland birds and provide excellent grouse hunting opportunities.

Top SGAs for Grouse:

  • Grayling FMU (Crawford County) – A hotspot near the famed "Grouse Capital" of Michigan.

  • Barry State Game Area (Barry County) – A solid option for southern Michigan hunters.


5. County and Local Forest Lands

Many counties in Michigan maintain public forests that hold good grouse populations.

Notable County Forests:

  • Oscoda County Forest – Features well-managed aspen cuts.

  • Alpena County Forest – Less crowded than state lands but still productive.


Tips for Hunting Ruffed Grouse in Michigan

  • Focus on young aspen stands (5-20 years old) – These provide the best cover and food.

  • Hunt edges and transitions – Grouse love areas where forest types meet.

  • Early morning and late afternoon are the most active times.

  • Bring a good bird dog (if possible) – A well-trained dog can greatly improve success.

  • Combine grouse and woodcock hunting – They often share the same habitat in fall.


Final Thoughts

Michigan’s public lands offer some of the best ruffed grouse hunting in the country. Whether you're in the Upper Peninsula or the northern Lower Peninsula, targeting young forests and managed areas will increase your chances of flushing these elusive birds. Grab your shotgun, scout some logging roads, and enjoy one of Michigan’s finest hunting traditions!

MI DNR Small Game Website 



Minnesota 2025 Ruffed grouse counts lower this year after a strong peak in 2024

The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources’ latest ruffed grouse counts found Minnesota’s spring 2025 population is lower statewide than last year. Ruffed grouse drums per stop were 1.8 statewide, down from 2.3 drums per stop last year, an expected drop considering spring 2024 was the highest 10-year cycle population peak for ruffed grouse since 1972.

The DNR and its partners have conducted spring drumming count surveys for 74 years to monitor the state’s ruffed grouse breeding population. Through decades of surveys, DNR researchers have found that ruffed grouse populations tend to rise and fall in about a 10-year cycle that typically ranges from 8-11 years.

Warm temperatures and dry conditions have favored high nest success and chick survival the last few years and may partly explain the quicker-than-expected rise to peak levels in the current 10-year cycle last year.

Snow conditions also were favorable for roosting throughout much of Minnesota’s core grouse range during the winters of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, followed by an unusually warm winter during 2023-2024.

Overall, Minnesota’s climate is getting warmer and wetter with more heavy, intense rainfalls. Record high rainfall occurred in June 2024, and much of ruffed grouse range received less snowfall than normal during winter 2024-2025, likely contributing to lower ruffed grouse numbers in spring 2025 compared to 2024.

“Drumming counts alone are not an accurate way to predict the birds that will be present during the fall hunting season,” said Charlotte Roy, DNR grouse project leader. “Nesting success and chick survival during the spring and summer are contributing factors that influence the number of birds present in the fall. These factors can be reduced by heavy rain during June when nests hatch and chicks are young.”

Ruffed grouse populations are surveyed by counting the number of male ruffed grouse drums on established routes throughout the state’s forested regions.

Drumming is a low sound produced by males as they beat their wings rapidly and in increased frequency to signal the location of their territory. Drumming displays also attract females ready to begin nesting.

“In a typical year, we have 13 cooperating organizations helping us count grouse drumming,” Roy said. “We are grateful to our federal, Tribal and other partners for their assistance in completing routes.”

The 2025 ruffed grouse survey report can be found on DNR’s grouse management webpage.

Top Public Land Locations for Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Ohio

 

Ruffed grouse hunting in Ohio offers a thrilling challenge for upland bird hunters. While grouse populations have declined in recent decades due to habitat loss, several public lands still provide excellent opportunities for pursuing this elusive bird. Known for their explosive flushes and agile flight, ruffed grouse require hunters to navigate dense cover and make quick, accurate shots.

If you're looking for the best public land spots to hunt ruffed grouse in Ohio, here are the top locations to consider:

1. Zaleski State Forest (Vinton County)

Why Hunt Here?
Zaleski State Forest is one of Ohio’s premier destinations for ruffed grouse. With over 28,000 acres of mixed hardwoods, early-successional forests, and thick cover, this area provides ideal grouse habitat. Focus on edges near clear-cuts, young aspen stands, and creek bottoms.

Key Features:

  • Extensive trail system for easy access

  • Managed timber cuts create prime grouse habitat

  • Remote areas hold good bird numbers

2. Shawnee State Forest (Scioto & Adams Counties)

Why Hunt Here?
Shawnee State Forest, often called the "Little Smokies of Ohio," offers rugged terrain and dense forests that ruffed grouse favor. The forest’s timber management practices promote the young, brushy growth that grouse need for food and cover.

Key Features:

  • Over 63,000 acres of public land

  • Steep ridges and valleys provide diverse habitat

  • Less hunting pressure than some other areas

3. Wayne National Forest (Athens, Hocking, Perry, & Monroe Counties)

Why Hunt Here?
Wayne National Forest spans several southeastern Ohio counties and contains excellent grouse habitat, particularly in areas with recent logging activity. Hunters should focus on regenerating timber stands and forest edges.

Key Features:

  • Multiple units with varying terrain

  • Active forest management benefits grouse populations

  • Remote sections hold fewer hunters

4. Tar Hollow State Forest (Ross & Vinton Counties)

Why Hunt Here?
Tar Hollow’s mix of oak-hickory forests, pine plantations, and regenerating clear-cuts makes it a stronghold for ruffed grouse in Ohio. The rolling hills and dense understory provide ideal cover.

Key Features:

  • Nearly 16,000 acres of huntable land

  • Good populations near recent timber harvests

  • Less crowded than more well-known areas

5. Waterloo Wildlife Area (Athens County)

Why Hunt Here?
Waterloo Wildlife Area is managed for both wildlife habitat and hunting opportunities. The mix of old fields, young forests, and thickets creates excellent grouse habitat.

Key Features:

  • Over 2,000 acres of public land

  • Active habitat management benefits grouse

  • Easy access from Athens and surrounding areas


Final Thoughts

While ruffed grouse hunting in Ohio isn’t as prolific as it once was, dedicated hunters can still find success in these public land hotspots. By targeting areas with active forest management and dense cover, you’ll increase your odds of flushing these challenging birds. Always follow Ohio’s hunting regulations and practice ethical hunting to ensure sustainable opportunities for future generations.

Happy hunting!


 

Hunting Ruffed Grouse in Alabama: A Guide for Upland Bird Enthusiasts

 By RuffedGrouse.com staff

Hunting Ruffed Grouse in Alabama: A Guide for Upland Bird Enthusiasts

Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) are one of North America’s most sought-after upland game birds, known for their explosive flushes and challenging flight patterns. While Alabama is not as well-known for ruffed grouse hunting as northern states like Minnesota or Pennsylvania, the bird does have a historical presence in the state’s northern regions. For hunters willing to explore Alabama’s forested hills, pursuing ruffed grouse can be a rewarding and nostalgic experience.

Habitat and Range in Alabama

Ruffed grouse thrive in young, dense forests with a mix of hardwood and softwood trees, particularly where there is ample underbrush for cover. In Alabama, grouse were once more common in the Appalachian foothills and the northeastern counties, including areas around the Talladega National Forest. However, habitat loss and changing forest conditions have significantly reduced their numbers over the years.

Today, ruffed grouse sightings in Alabama are rare, and the state’s wildlife agency does not actively manage for them. Most successful grouse hunting in the Southeast occurs further north in states like Tennessee, Kentucky, and North Carolina. However, for those determined to hunt grouse in Alabama, scouting remote, overgrown timberlands with thick understories may yield occasional opportunities.

Ruffed Grouse Habitat in Alabama

Ruffed grouse thrive in young forests, dense thickets, and mixed woodlands with plenty of underbrush. They prefer areas with:

  • Regenerating clear-cuts (5–20 years old)

  • Aspen, birch, and oak stands

  • Dense shrub cover near streams and ridges

In Alabama, ruffed grouse populations are limited and mostly found in the northern part of the state, particularly in the Appalachian foothills and higher-elevation forests.

 

Best Places to Hunt Ruffed Grouse in Alabama

1. Bankhead National Forest

Located in northwestern Alabama, Bankhead National Forest offers rugged terrain with mixed hardwoods, making it one of the best public land options for ruffed grouse. Focus on areas with recent timber cuts and thick undergrowth.

2. Talladega National Forest (Shoal Creek & Oakmulgee Districts)

The higher elevations of the Talladega National Forest, particularly around Cheaha Mountain, provide suitable habitat for grouse. Hunters should explore old logging roads and young forest patches.

3. Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs)

Several Alabama WMAs allow grouse hunting, including:

  • Black Warrior WMA (near Bankhead National Forest)

  • Cahaba River WMA (limited but possible in brushy areas)

  • Little River WMA (northeastern Alabama, near Georgia border)

Always check the latest Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) regulations for season dates and WMA-specific rules.

 

Alternative Upland Bird Hunting in Alabama

If ruffed grouse prove too elusive, Alabama offers excellent hunting for other upland birds, including:

  • Bobwhite quail (on private lands and wildlife management areas)

  • Woodcock (migratory birds with a winter presence)

  • Doves (abundant in agricultural fields)

 

Conclusion

While ruffed grouse hunting in Alabama is a challenge due to limited populations, dedicated hunters may still find pockets of suitable habitat in the state’s northern forests. For a more reliable grouse hunting experience, traveling to neighboring states with healthier populations may be a better option. However, for those who enjoy the thrill of the hunt and the beauty of Alabama’s woodlands, pursuing ruffed grouse can be a nostalgic and adventurous endeavor.

Whether you’re a seasoned upland hunter or a newcomer to the sport, Alabama’s diverse landscapes offer plenty of opportunities to enjoy the tradition of bird hunting. Happy hunting!

Have you ever encountered ruffed grouse in Alabama? Share your experiences in the comments!



 


PA Ruffed Grouse Society needs volunteers for planting, fencing

Want to help wildlife? Members of the Upland Bird Hunt Chapter of the Ruffed Grouse Society (RGS) are seeking volunteers for planting and fencing for wildlife from 9 a.m. to approximately 1 p.m. April 19 in McKean County.

The volunteer work site is on lands open for public recreation use, locally called Bunker Hill, near Clermont. All volunteers will meet at 9 a.m. at Clermont Park, which is on North Street in Clermont, across from Clermont Volunteer Fire Department Station 14. Volunteers will follow each other to the work site.

Reach Clermont by driving from Wilcox on Route 219 northeast on Wilcox-Clermont Road, or from Route 6 west of Smethport by driving south on State Route 146, Clermont Road.

All volunteers should register with Jed Hamberger at jedhamberger@gmail.com, so we can arrange enough tools for volunteers. All volunteers should wear boots and gloves, and bring safety glasses if you have them. Dress for the weather. This project will take place rain or shine.

The work is part of the society’s ongoing efforts to improve habitat for ruffed grouse, woodcock and other wildlife species. It will include creating early successional forest critical for young forest wildlife, including tree planting and fence repair.

“This is a great opportunity for anyone passionate about conservation and upland bird hunting to get involved and make a real impact,” said Hamberger, chapter president. “By improving habitat at Bunker Hill, we’re ensuring a better future for grouse, woodcock and a variety of other wildlife that depend on young forests. Not everyone is fiscally capable of making contributions at banquets and fundraising events but, they still want to contribute to the conservation mission of the Ruffed Grouse Society. Habitat projects like this are important for local chapters because they enable members and non-members to be involved and contribute.”

No special skills are needed.

Read the Full Bradford Era Article

 

Woodcock Banding | Video

 

Woodcock banding is probably the closest thing to actual upland hunting you can do in the spring, and is an extremely rewarding activity for any bird lover turned dog lover or dog lover turned bird lover, depending on the category of upland bird fanatic you place yourself in. Love for the dog work and love for the bird are the greatest drivers for the few hundred permitted individuals in Minnesota and Michigan who obsessively take to the dense covers where American woodcock nest during the spring. Ticks, poison ivy, indescribable mosquito hatches, and navigating the thickest of thick covers through thorns and eye-poking branches is not for the faint of heart, but once you hold a fuzzy timberdoodle chick in your hand for the first time, it is worth every moment of the search.

Best Places to Hunt Ruffed Grouse in New Hampshire

 


By RuffedGrouse.com staff

New Hampshire offers excellent opportunities for Ruffed Grouse hunting, particularly in the northern and central regions where forests provide ideal habitat. Here are some of the top spots:

 

1. Great North Woods (Coös County)

  • The best grouse hunting in New Hampshire is often found in Coös County, which includes Pittsburg, Dixville Notch, and the Connecticut Lakes Region.
  • Look for young aspen stands, alder thickets, and overgrown logging roads.

2. White Mountain National Forest

  • Covering over 750,000 acres, this vast public land offers diverse terrain, from regenerating timber cuts to mixed hardwood forests.
  • Focus on areas with thick understory, particularly near river bottoms and logging roads.

3. Connecticut River Valley

  • This area offers a mix of farmland and young forest, creating ideal grouse habitat.
  • Check Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) such as the Mascoma River WMA and Pondicherry WMA.

4. Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee Region

  • WMAs and state forests like Pillsbury State Park provide excellent public land opportunities.
  • Focus on edges of clear cuts and old orchards.

5. Lakes Region (Belknap & Carroll Counties)

  • While more developed, pockets of young forests in conservation areas and state parks hold grouse.
  • Look at areas near Squam Lake and the Ossipee Mountain region.

Tips for Successful Ruffed Grouse Hunting

1. Focus on Habitat

  • Ruffed Grouse thrive in young forests, especially areas with aspen, birch, and mixed hardwoods.
  • Look for overgrown logging roads, alder swamps, and abandoned farms with thick cover.

2. Hunt the Edges

  • Grouse are often found along habitat transitions—where hardwoods meet conifers or young cuts meet mature forest.
  • Walk along edges of logging cuts, streambeds, and old stone walls.

3. Go Slow & Listen

  • Walk at a slow pace, pausing frequently. Grouse often flush when you stop.
  • Listen for drumming males or the rustling of birds moving in the underbrush.

4. Use a Well-Trained Dog

  • A pointing or flushing dog can greatly improve your success rate by locating birds in thick cover.
  • Springer Spaniels, English Setters, and German Shorthaired Pointers are excellent choices.

5. Time Your Hunts

  • Early morning and late afternoon are prime times when birds are feeding.
  • Midseason hunts (late October through November) offer great action as birds transition to winter cover.

6. Be Ready for Fast Flushes

  • Grouse flush unpredictably and fast, often in thick cover.
  • Keep your shotgun at the ready and be prepared to snap-shoot.
  • A 20-gauge or 16-gauge with improved cylinder or modified choke works well.

7. Use the Right Ammunition

  • No. 7.5 or No. 6 shot is ideal for grouse hunting, providing enough power without excessive meat damage.

8. Adjust for Weather Conditions

  • On warm days, birds stick to shaded, moist cover.
  • On cold, clear days, they may be found near sunlit openings feeding on buds.

By targeting prime habitats, moving methodically, and adjusting to conditions, you’ll improve your chances of bagging Ruffed Grouse in New Hampshire. Good luck and happy hunting!

Minnesota Woodcock and Grouse Hunt | Video

 

 Hunting Ruffed Grouse and Woodcock with Champion level dogs!

Find your own places to hunt Ruffed Grouse

Best Places to Hunt Ruffed Grouse in Maine

By RuffedGrouse.com staff 

Maine is one of the top destinations for ruffed grouse hunting in the U.S., thanks to its vast forests, well-managed timberlands, and low hunting pressure in many areas. Here are some of the best places to target these birds:

1. North Maine Woods

  • Covers over 3.5 million acres of privately owned but publicly accessible land.
  • Consists of a mix of young and mature forests, perfect for grouse habitat.
  • Features extensive logging roads, making access easier for hunters.

2. Rangeley Lakes Region

  • Known for excellent bird numbers due to abundant early successional forests.
  • Plenty of old logging trails and clear cuts that attract grouse.
  • Offers beautiful scenery along with productive hunting.

3. Jackman Region

  • Dense woodlands mixed with new growth create a prime grouse habitat.
  • A remote area with lower hunting pressure compared to southern Maine.
  • Near the Canadian border, offering an authentic wilderness experience.

4. Katahdin Region

  • Surrounding Baxter State Park and the Katahdin Iron Works area.
  • Ideal mix of young aspen and birch stands, prime for grouse hunting.
  • Access via dirt roads and trails makes it easier to cover ground.

5. Western Mountains (Bethel, Andover, and Upton)

  • This region features rolling hills and regenerating forests from past logging.
  • Plenty of old farm roads and trails create ideal spots for flushing birds.
  • Offers great cover for both ruffed grouse and woodcock.

6. Allagash Wilderness Waterway

  • A remote, wild hunting experience with large populations of grouse.
  • Requires more effort to access but rewards hunters with excellent opportunities.
  • Limited road access keeps hunting pressure low.

Tips for Successful Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Maine

1. Focus on Edge Habitat

  • Grouse prefer transitional zones where young forest meets mature timber.
  • Look for areas with aspen, birch, and alder stands, especially near logging cuts.

2. Hunt Old Logging Roads and Trails

  • Grouse often feed and loaf along logging roads, especially in early morning and late afternoon.
  • Walk quietly and be prepared for quick flushes from the brush along the sides.

3. Go After the Right Weather

  • Overcast, slightly damp days are best for hunting as grouse tend to hold tighter.
  • Windy days can be more challenging since birds are more nervous and flush earlier.

4. Use a Good Bird Dog (Optional)

  • Flushers like spaniels and retrievers work well to push birds from thick cover.
  • Pointers can be highly effective at locating and holding grouse in dense woods.

5. Shoot Quickly but Accurately

  • Ruffed grouse are known for their explosive flushes and erratic flight patterns.
  • Keep your shotgun at the ready and use an open choke (improved cylinder or modified) for quick, close shots.

6. Be Stealthy and Patient

  • Move slowly, stopping frequently to mimic natural predator movement.
  • Grouse often hold tight until they detect movement, so pausing can make them flush.

7. Wear the Right Gear

  • A blaze orange hat or vest for safety.
  • Waterproof boots for navigating wet terrain.
  • Light gloves to protect hands from thorns and brush.

8. Scout Before You Hunt

  • Check satellite maps or forestry service reports to find young forest growth.
  • Drive back roads before hunting to look for likely spots with good cover.

9. Consider Maine's Grouse Season and Limits

  • The season typically runs from late September through December.
  • Daily bag limit is 4 birds, with a possession limit of 8.

By targeting these prime areas and following the best hunting strategies, you can greatly increase your success while enjoying the beauty of Maine’s wilderness. Happy hunting!

A Guide to Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Wisconsin | Top Places To Hunt and Tips For Successful Hunting

by RuffedGrouse.com staff

A Guide to Ruffed Grouse Hunting in Wisconsin

Wisconsin's vast forests and diverse terrain make it a premier destination for Ruffed Grouse hunting. Whether you're a seasoned hunter or new to the sport, understanding where to hunt and how to approach it can significantly improve your success in the field.

Prime Hunting Locations

The Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest stands out as the crown jewel of Wisconsin grouse hunting, offering over 1.5 million acres of prime habitat. Its extensive stands of young aspen, birch, and alder provide ideal conditions for grouse populations to thrive.

Several other regions offer exceptional hunting opportunities. The Northern Highland-American Legion State Forest, spanning Vilas, Oneida, and Iron counties, consistently produces excellent results due to its mixed hardwood and conifer landscape. Florence County has earned its reputation as a top grouse hunting destination, while Bayfield and Ashland counties offer a compelling mix of public and private lands, particularly in areas with recent logging activity.

For hunters seeking additional options, Wisconsin maintains numerous public hunting grounds and Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs), all of which are detailed on the Wisconsin DNR website.

Essential Hunting Strategies

Success in grouse hunting begins with understanding habitat preferences. These birds show a strong affinity for young forests, particularly aspen stands between 5 and 20 years old. Areas with recent logging activity or prescribed burns often attract grouse due to the resulting new growth and dense cover.

Timing plays a crucial role in hunting success. Grouse are most active during dawn and dusk when they feed, making these ideal times to hunt. The season typically runs from mid-September through early January, with October offering optimal conditions as falling leaves improve visibility.

A well-trained bird dog can dramatically enhance your hunting experience. Breeds such as English Setters, Brittanys, and German Shorthaired Pointers excel at locating grouse, which often hold tight in dense cover. Their keen sense of smell and pointing instincts help hunters locate birds that might otherwise go undetected.

Field Tactics and Equipment

Movement technique significantly impacts hunting success. Adopt a slow, deliberate pace with frequent pauses to listen for the distinctive sound of flushing grouse or male drumming. Given the birds' tendency to flush suddenly and fly rapidly through dense cover, hunters should be prepared for quick shots. An open choke (Improved Cylinder or Modified) typically works best for these challenging conditions.

Proper attire is essential for both safety and comfort. Always wear blaze orange for visibility, especially in areas with other hunters. Layer your clothing appropriately and invest in sturdy boots suitable for navigating rough terrain and thick undergrowth.

Pre-season scouting can dramatically improve your chances of success. Look for telltale signs of grouse activity, including droppings, dusting areas, and feeding sites where birds might seek clover, berries, or buds.

Additional Information

For current regulations, maps, and population reports, consult the Wisconsin DNR Grouse Hunting Guide. The Ruffed Grouse Society also provides valuable resources on habitat conservation and hunting techniques.

Remember that successful grouse hunting often requires patience and persistence. While challenging, the experience of pursuing these remarkable game birds through Wisconsin's beautiful forests makes every outing worthwhile, regardless of the day's harvest.

States With Woodcock Hunting Seasons And The Top 20 Ranked

by RuffedGrouse.com staff

The American woodcock, also known as the timberdoodle, is a prized migratory game bird found in forested areas across the eastern and central United States. Woodcock hunting is a favorite pastime for upland bird hunters, requiring sharp shooting and a good bird dog to navigate dense cover.

With woodcock populations thriving in specific habitats, some states stand out as prime locations for hunters. Below, we list all states with woodcock hunting seasons and rank the top 20 states based on bird populations, habitat quality, public land access, and hunter success rates.

States With Woodcock Hunting Seasons

Woodcock hunting is regulated under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, with federal frameworks guiding state-specific season dates and bag limits. The following states have open woodcock seasons:

  • Northeastern U.S.: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey
  • Midwestern U.S.: Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa
  • Southern U.S.: Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee
  • Central U.S.: Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas

Top 20 States for Woodcock Hunting

These states are ranked based on woodcock abundance, habitat quality, public hunting land, and overall hunter success rates.

1. Minnesota

Minnesota’s northern forests, with abundant young aspen stands and river-bottom cover, provide ideal woodcock habitat. The state leads in bird numbers and hunting success.

2. Wisconsin

Wisconsin’s managed forests and alder thickets make it one of the most productive woodcock states. The state also boasts excellent public land opportunities.

3. Michigan

Both the Upper Peninsula and northern Lower Peninsula hold excellent woodcock populations, with vast amounts of accessible land. Michigan is a key state for migratory woodcock during their seasonal flights.

4. Maine

Maine’s thick forests provide top-tier habitat with minimal hunting pressure, making it a go-to destination for serious woodcock hunters.

5. New Hampshire

Early successional forests in New Hampshire support strong woodcock numbers. The White Mountain region is a particularly good spot.

6. Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania offers solid woodcock hunting in the northern and central parts of the state, with plenty of public game lands.

7. Louisiana

One of the best southern states for woodcock hunting, Louisiana’s pine savannas and bottomlands attract large numbers of migrating birds. Kisatchie National Forest is a hotspot.

8. Vermont

Vermont’s regenerating forests create excellent woodcock cover, and the state provides great access to public lands.

9. North Carolina

Woodcock migrate to eastern North Carolina in good numbers, with prime habitat found in lowland swamps and pine forests.

10. West Virginia

West Virginia offers excellent woodcock hunting in its national forests, particularly in areas with young timber growth.

11. Ohio

Ohio’s river corridors and managed early successional forests provide strong woodcock habitat, especially in the northern and central regions.

12. Indiana

Indiana may not be the first state that comes to mind for woodcock hunting, but it has solid numbers in areas with well-managed forest lands.

13. Tennessee

The Volunteer State offers woodcock hunting in the Cumberland Plateau and other regions with ample bottomland cover.

14. Kentucky

Kentucky’s early successional habitats and streamside corridors provide a great mix of resident and migrating woodcock.

15. Mississippi

With good wintering habitat in pine forests and river bottoms, Mississippi attracts woodcock during migration season.

16. South Carolina

Eastern South Carolina provides solid woodcock hunting opportunities, particularly in well-managed timberlands.

17. New York

The Adirondacks and northern regions of New York hold steady woodcock populations, though hunting pressure can be higher than in some other states.

18. Arkansas

Arkansas is an underrated state for woodcock hunting, with good wintering habitat in bottomland forests.

19. North Dakota

Woodcock hunting in North Dakota is overshadowed by upland species like pheasants, but the state’s river corridors provide opportunities for those willing to search.

20. Missouri

Missouri’s river-bottom forests and managed habitat areas provide fair woodcock hunting opportunities, particularly in the northern part of the state.

Final Thoughts

Woodcock hunting is a rewarding challenge for wingshooters, requiring patience, knowledge of habitat, and quick reflexes. Whether you’re hunting the thick forests of the Northwoods or the wintering grounds in the South, these 20 states offer some of the best opportunities for a successful and enjoyable hunt.

Before heading out, always check state regulations for season dates and bag limits, as they can vary from year to year. Good luck, and happy hunting!

 

Best Places to Hunt Ruffed Grouse in Minnesota and Tips To Be Successful

Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) are a popular game bird in Minnesota, known for their explosive flushes and challenging hunting experience. Minnesota is one of the best states in the U.S. for Ruffed Grouse hunting due to its extensive forests and ideal habitat. Here are some of the best places to hunt Ruffed Grouse in Minnesota, along with tips to increase your success:


Best Places to Hunt Ruffed Grouse in Minnesota

  1. Chippewa National Forest

    • Located in north-central Minnesota, this forest offers excellent grouse habitat with a mix of aspen, birch, and conifers.

    • Focus on areas with young aspen stands (5-20 years old), as these are prime grouse habitats.

  2. Superior National Forest

    • This vast forest in northeastern Minnesota is a grouse hunter's paradise.

    • Look for areas near the Gunflint Trail and around the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) for dense cover and abundant grouse.

  3. George Washington State Forest

    • Located near the town of Remer, this forest is known for its productive grouse habitat.

    • The mix of aspen, alder, and wetlands makes it a hotspot for grouse.

  4. Paul Bunyan State Forest

    • Situated in north-central Minnesota, this forest offers a mix of young aspen and dense cover, ideal for grouse.

    • Explore logging roads and trails for the best opportunities.

  5. Scandinavian and Two Inlets State Forests

    • These forests in northwestern Minnesota are less crowded and offer excellent grouse hunting.

    • Focus on areas with recent logging activity, as these create ideal young forest habitats.

  6. Public Hunting Lands (Walk-In Access, Wildlife Management Areas)

    • Minnesota has numerous Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) and Walk-In Access sites that provide excellent grouse hunting opportunities.

    • Check the Minnesota DNR website for maps and locations.


Tips for Successful Ruffed Grouse Hunting

  1. Hunt Early in the Season

    • Grouse are more active, less wary, and more plentiful in early fall.

  2. Focus on Edge Habitats

    • Grouse thrive in edge habitats where different types of vegetation meet, such as where aspen stands border wetlands or conifer forests.

  3. Look for Young Aspen Stands

    • Ruffed Grouse rely heavily on young aspen (5-20 years old) for food (buds, catkins) and cover. Areas with recent logging or forest management are often productive.

  4. Hunt During the Right Time of Day

    • Grouse are most active in the early morning and late afternoon when they feed. Midday hunts can be less productive.

  5. Use a Well-Trained Dog

    • A good bird dog (such as an English Setter, Brittany, or German Shorthaired Pointer) can greatly increase your success by locating and flushing grouse.

  6. Walk Slowly and Quietly

    • Grouse are easily spooked, so move slowly and pause frequently to listen for their drumming or scratching in the leaves.

  7. Hunt Along Trails and Logging Roads

    • Grouse often use these open corridors for feeding and dusting. Walking these areas can increase your chances of flushing birds.

  8. Be Prepared for Quick Shots

    • Ruffed Grouse flush suddenly and fly fast through dense cover. Practice quick, instinctive shooting to improve your chances.

  9. Dress for the Terrain

    • Wear blaze orange for safety and choose clothing that protects against thorns, brush, and cold weather. Waterproof boots are also essential for wet areas.

  10. Scout Ahead of Time

    • Spend time scouting areas before the season to identify grouse sign (droppings, tracks, and feeding areas).

  11. Be Patient and Persistent

    • Grouse hunting can be challenging, and some days may be slow. Persistence and adaptability are key to success.


Additional Resources

  • Minnesota DNR Grouse Hunting Guide: Check the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) website for regulations, maps, and habitat information.

  • Ruffed Grouse Society: This organization provides valuable resources and habitat conservation efforts for grouse hunters.

By focusing on the right habitats, using proper techniques, and being prepared for the challenges of grouse hunting, you can have a successful and enjoyable experience in Minnesota's forests. Good luck!

by RuffedGrouse.com staff